XFEL: First molecular movies at European XFEL

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2019/11/18
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First molecular movies at European XFEL

Scientists show how to use extremely short X-ray pulses to make the first movies of molecular processes at the European XFEL

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Artistic visualisation of a serial crystallography experiment. A laser using visible light (centre left) strikes a crystalline protein to initiate a reaction. These crystals are fired into the path of the laser in a jet (top left). After a short time delay the X-ray laser (bottom left) strikes the crystal. The resulting diffraction pattern, recorded before the crystal explodes, can be used to reconstruct the structure of the protein. By repeating this with different time delays between optical and X-ray lasers, a molecular movie can be produced - just like many still images can be pasted together to make a film. Copyright: European XFEL / Blue Clay Studios

In a paper published today in Nature Methods, scientists show how to effectively use the high X-ray pulse repetition rate of the European XFEL to produce detailed molecular movies. This type of information can help us to better understand, for example, how a drug molecule reacts with proteins in a human cell, or how plant proteins store light energy.

Traditional structural biology methods use X-rays to produce snapshots of the 3D structure of molecules such as proteins. Although valuable, this information does not reveal details about the dynamics of biomolecular processes. If several snapshots can be taken in fast enough succession, however, these can be pasted together to make a so-called molecular movie. The high repetition rate of the extremely short X-ray pulses produced by the European XFEL makes it now possible to collect large amounts of data to produce movies with more frames than ever before. An international group of scientists have now worked out how to make optimal use of the European XFEL’s very high X-ray repetition rate to make these molecular movies at the facility in order to reveal unprecedented details of our world.

For these types of experiments, several instruments and components must be carefully aligned and their capabilities precisely understood. In a paper published today in Nature Methods, scientists present an experimental setup that makes the best use of valuable experiment time. They show how measurements can be taken close enough together to maximize the amount of data collected, while making sure that the sample being studied is not hit by anything but the intended laser pulse. “We have shown that we now know how to effectively and efficiently use the pulse structure of the European XFEL to make detailed molecular movies,” says Prof. Adrian Mancuso, European XFEL group leader at the SPB/SFX instrument where the study was done.

 

 

 
A short molecular movie showing part of the structure of the photoreactive yellow protein. The sequence runs from 100 fs to 100 ps into the reaction and is made up of 10 structures, four of which were measured at European XFEL (dark i.e. 100 fs, 10 ps, 30 ps, and 80 ps). This proof-of-concept movie demonstrates the potential of using the European XFEL to explore molecular processes in detail. Copyright: Marius Schmidt

 

Prof. Marius Schmidt from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in the USA who led the study said: “The extremely short and bright X-ray pulses produced by the European XFEL give us the possibility to study the smallest details of biological processes. Imagine a movie of a downhill ski race made up of only three frames. This will tell you something about how the race began and finished, and give you an image of the skier as well as a glimpse of the landscape somewhere on the mountain, but not much else. A movie containing many more frames, however, would follow the race in detail and would be much more informative. Now that we understand how to harness the European XFEL X-ray pulses to collect large amounts of data to produce detailed molecular movies, we are very excited to see what unimagined insights are now possible.”

The team at the SPB/SFX instrument are also able to adjust the parameters for each experiment depending on the protein being studied. These include changing the spot size of the optical light pulse to take into account the size of the individual protein crystals, and the time delay between optical and X-ray laser to accommodate the duration of the reaction being studied. “The knowledge and expertise we have acquired with these experiments at the European XFEL will enable scientists to use the SPB/SFX instrument to produce molecular movies of their sample,” said Mancuso. 

For their experiments, the scientists studied a light-sensitive protein known as photoactive yellow protein (PYP). PYP is often used by scientists as a model system to evaluate new experimental setups. Results matched those obtained from data collected during previous experiments at other facilities, proving their setup was collecting valid data. They were also able to access a previously uncharted time range revealing novel details about parts of the biological reaction.

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How it works:

The type of biological processes scientists are interested in exploring at the European XFEL can last anywhere from much less than a billionth of a second to several thousandths of a second. By comparison, a blink of an eye lasts about a tenth of second. Rather like a very short shutter speed is needed to take high-quality snapshots of a race in action, extremely short bursts of X-ray light are needed to take series of snapshots during a biological reaction. The extremely short X-ray light pulses produced by the European XFEL are short enough to do this. The high repetition rate of X-ray pulses enables the scientists to collect enough data during the experiments.

In a time-resolved crystallography experiment, a very short optical laser pulse can be used to excite crystalline proteins. This triggers the start of a reaction within the protein. After an extremely short predefined delay of a few picoseconds (a picosecond is one millionth of a millionth of a second), the protein crystal is then hit by the X-ray laser pulse. The European XFEL X-ray laser is so powerful, it will destroy the crystal, but not before information about the positions of the atoms in the protein has been recorded by the detector located behind the sample. This process is then repeated using new crystals, which are continually fed into the X-ray beam via a liquid jet. The predefined delay is also altered so that different time points throughout the reaction can be explored. Information illustrating the dynamics and structural changes occurring at a sequence of time points during the reaction can then be pieced together in a so-called molecular movie.

For their experiments, the scientists used the instrument for Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) at the European XFEL. The instrument is designed to use the extremely short (femtosecond) intense X-ray pulses for imaging and crystallography experiments in order to explore the structure and dynamics of small biological samples.

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 Original article:
Time-Resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at the European XFEL
Suraj Pandey, Richard Bean, Tokushi Sato, Ishwor Poudyal, Johan Bielecki, Jorvani Cruz
Villarreal, Oleksandr Yefanov, Valerio Mariani, Thomas A. White, Christopher Kupitz, Mark
Hunter, Mohamed H. Abdellatif, Saša Bajt, Valerii Bondar, Austin Echelmeier, Diandra
Doppler, Moritz Emons, Matthias Frank, Raimund Fromme, Yaroslav Gevorkov, Gabriele
Giovanetti, Man Jiang, Daihyun Kim, Yoonhee Kim, Henry Kirkwood, Anna Klimovskaia,
Juraj Knoska, Faisal H. M. Koua, Romain Letrun, Stella Lisova, Luis Maia, Victoria Mazalova,
Domingo Meza, Thomas Michelat, Abbas Ourmazd, Guido Palmer, Marco Ramilli, Robin
Schubert, Peter Schwander, Alessandro Silenzi, Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz, Alexandra
Tolstikova, Henry N. Chapman, Alexandra Ros, Anton Barty, Petra Fromme, Adrian P.
Mancuso, Marius Schmidt. Nature Methods, 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0628-z